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Pentium

(processor)

Pentium

A family of 32 and 64-bit x86-based CPU chips from Intel. The term may refer to the chip or to a PC that uses it. During their reign, Pentium chips were the most widely used CPUs in the world for general-purpose computing. Although superseded by the Core line in 2006 (see Intel Core), various Pentium 4 models are used in entry-level PCs and other devices.
The first Pentium chip was introduced in 1993 as the successor to the 486; thus the Pentium began as the fifth generation of the Intel x86 architecture (see x86). The Pentium uses a 64-bit internal bus compared to 32-bits in its 486 predecessor. Following is a brief summary of Pentium models:
Pentium 4 Dual Cores - Introduced in 2005
The Pentium D and Pentium Processor Extreme Edition were the first dual-core Pentium chips from Intel. Although both chips included Intel's 64-bit EM64T technology (later named 'Intel 64'), the Pentium D did not include Hyper-Threading, but the Extreme Edition did. See Pentium Processor Extreme Edition.
Pentium 4 - Introduced in 2000 (1.4-3.4 GHz)
Latest Pentium architecture started out with a 400 MHz system bus and 256KB L2 cache (later increased to 800 MHz and 2MB). The first models contained 42 million transistors, used the 0.18 micron process and came in 423-pin and 478-pin PGA packages. Intel's first Pentium 4 chipset was the 850 and supported only Rambus memory (RDRAM), but subsequent chipsets switched to DDR SDRAM. See NetBurst.
Celeron - Introduced in 1998 (266 MHz-2.8 GHz)
Less expensive Pentium chips due to smaller L2 caches. First Celerons had no L2 cache, but 128KB on-die cache was added in 1999. Celerons started out with 66 and 100 MHz system buses that migrated to 400 MHz.
Pentium III - 1999-2001 (500 MHz-1.13 GHz)
The Pentium III added 70 additional instructions to the Pentium II. The Pentium III used a 100 or 133 MHz system bus and either a 512KB L2 cache or a 256KB L2 Advanced Transfer Cache. Depending on the model, it contained from 9.5 to 28 million transistors, used the 0.25 or 0.18 micron process and came in SECC and SECC2 packages. Mobile units came in BGA and micro-PGA (µPGA) packages.
Pentium III Xeon - 1999-2001 (500-933 MHz)
Typically used in 2-way to 8-way servers, Xeon specs were like Pentium III with L2 cache up to 2MB. The Xeon used the SECC2 and SC330 chip packages.
Pentium II - 1997-1999 (233-450 MHz)
Added MMX multimedia instructions to Pentium Pro and introduced the Single Edge Connector Cartridge (SECC) for Slot 1. The Pentium II used a 66 or 100 MHz system bus. Desktop models had 7.5 million transistors, 512KB L2 cache and were housed in SECC packages. Mobile models had 27.4 million transistors, 256KB L2 cache and were housed in either BGA or Mobile Mini-Cartridge (MMC) packages.
Pentium II Xeon - 1998-1999 (400-450 MHz)
Typically used in high-end and 2-way and 4-way servers, Xeon specs were like Pentium II with L2 cache from 512KB to 2MB and 100 MHz system bus.
Pentium Pro - 1995-1997 (150-200 MHz)
Typically used in high-end desktops and servers, the Pentium Pro increased memory from 4GB to 64GB. The Pentium Pro had L2 cache from 512KB to 1MB, used a 60 or 66 MHz system bus, contained from 5.5 to 62 million transistors. It was made with 0.35 process and housed in a dual cavity PGA package. When introduced, it was touted as being superior to the Pentium for 32-bit applications.

500 Mhz Processor

Pentium MMX - 1997-1999 (233-300 MHz)
Added MMX multimedia instructions to Pentium CPU and increased transistors to 4.5 million. Desktop units used PGA package and 0.35 process while mobile units used TCP and 0.25 process.
Pentium - 1993-1996 (60-200 MHz)
First Pentium CPU models. The Pentium had an L2 cache from 256KB to 1MB, used a 50, 60 or 66 MHz system bus and contained from 3.1 to 3.3 million transistors built on 0.6 to 0.35 process. Chips were housed in PGA packages.

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Slot 1

Type	Slot
Chip form factors	Single Edge Contact Cartridge (Pentium II) Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2 (Pentium II, Pentium III) Single Edge Processor Package (Celeron)
Contacts	242[1]
FSB protocol	AGTL+
FSB frequency	66, 100, and (on third-party chipsets) 133 MHz
Voltage range	1.3 to 3.50 V
Processors	Pentium II: 233–450 MHz Celeron: 266–433 MHz Pentium III: 450–1.133 GHz (A Slotket makes following Socket 370 CPUs usable: Celeron and Pentium III to 1,400 MHz, VIA Cyrix III: 350–733 MHz, VIA C3: 733–1,200 MHz Slotkets also made it possible to use some Pentium Pro CPUs for Socket 8 using the same method.)
Predecessor	Socket 7
Successor	Socket 370
This article is part of the CPU socket series

Slot 1 refers to the physical and electrical specification for the connector used by some of Intel's microprocessors, including the Pentium Pro, Celeron, Pentium II and the Pentium III. Both single and dual processor configurations were implemented.

Intel switched back to the traditional socket interface with Socket 370 in 1999.

• 4Chipsets and officially supported CPUs^[5][6]

General[edit]

With the introduction of the Pentium II CPU, the need for greater access for testing had made the transition from socket to slot necessary. Previously with the Pentium Pro, Intel had combined processor and cache dies in the same Socket 8 package. These were connected by a full-speed bus, resulting in significant performance benefits. Unfortunately, this method required that the two components be bonded together early in the production process, before testing was possible. As a result, a single, tiny flaw in either die made it necessary to discard the entire assembly, causing low production yield and high cost.^[2]

Intel subsequently designed a circuit board where the CPU and cache remained closely integrated, but were mounted on a printed circuit board, called a Single-Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC). The CPU and cache could be tested separately, before final assembly into a package, reducing cost and making the CPU more attractive to markets other than that of high-end servers. These cards could also be easily plugged into a Slot 1, thereby eliminating the chance for pins of a typical CPU to be bent or broken when installing in a socket.

The form factor used for Slot 1 was a 5-inch-long, 242-contact edge connector named SC242. To prevent the cartridge from being inserted the wrong way, the slot was keyed to allow installation in only one direction. The SC242 was later used for AMD's Slot A as well, and while the two slots were identical mechanically, they were electrically incompatible. To discourage Slot A users from trying to install a Slot 1 CPU, the connector was rotated 180 degrees on Slot A motherboards.

With the new Slot 1, Intel added support for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP). A maximum of two Pentium II or Pentium III CPUs can be used in a dual slot motherboard. The Celeron does not have official SMP support.

There are also converter cards, known as Slotkets, which hold a Socket 8 so that a Pentium Pro CPU can be used with Slot 1 motherboards.^[3] These specific converters, however, are rare. Another kind of slotket allows using a Socket 370 CPU in a Slot 1. Many of these latter devices are equipped with own voltage regulator modules, in order to supply the new CPU with a lower core voltage, which the motherboard would not otherwise allow.

Form factors[edit]

The Single Edge Contact Cartridge, or 'SECC', was used at the beginning of the Slot 1-era for Pentium II CPUs. Inside the cartridge, the CPU itself is enclosed in a hybrid plastic and metal case. The back of the housing is plastic and has several markings on it: the name, 'Pentium II'; the Intel logo; a hologram; and the model number. The front consists of a black anodized aluminum plate, which is used to hold the CPU cooler. The SECC form is very solid, because the CPU itself is resting safely inside the case. As compared to socket-based CPUs, there are no pins that can be bent, and the CPU is less likely to be damaged by improper installation of a cooler.

Following SECC, the SEPP-form (Single Edge Processor Package) appeared on the market. It was designed for lower-priced Celeron CPUs. This form lacks a case entirely, consisting solely of the printed-circuit board holding the components.

A form factor called SECC2 was used for late Pentium II and Pentium III CPUs for Slot 1, which was created to accommodate the switch to flip chip packaging.^[4] Only the front plate was carried over, the coolers were now mounted straight to the PCB and exposed CPU die and are, as such, incompatible with SECC cartridges.

History[edit]

Historically, there are three platforms for the Intel P6-CPUs: Socket 8, Slot 1 and Socket 370.

Slot 1 is a successor to Socket 8. While the Socket 8 CPUs (Pentium Pro) directly had the L2-cache embedded into the CPU, it is located (outside of the core) on a circuit board shared with the core itself. The exception is later Slot 1 CPUs with the Coppermine core which have the L2-Cache embedded into the die.

In the beginning of 2000, while the Pentium-III-CPUs with FC-PGA-housing appeared, Slot 1 was slowly succeeded by Socket 370, after Intel had already offered Socket 370 and Slot 1 at the same time since the beginning of 1999. Socket 370 was initially made for the low-cost Celeron processors, while Slot 1 was thought of as a platform for the expensive Pentium II and early Pentium III models. Cache and core were both embedded into the die.

Slot 1 also obsoleted the old Socket 7, at least regarding Intel, as the standard platform for the home-user. After superseding the Intel P5Pentium MMX CPU, Intel completely left the Socket 7 market.

Chipsets and officially supported CPUs^[5][6][edit]

Intel 440FX ^[7][edit]

• Introduced in: May 6, 1996
• FSB: 66 MHz
• PIO/WDMA
• Supported RAM type: EDO-DRAM
• Supported CPUs:
  • Pentium II with 66 MHz FSB
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino)
• Used in both Socket 8 (Pentium Pro) and Slot 1 (Pentium II, early Celerons)
• Does not support AGP or SDRAM
• Allowed up to two CPUs for SMP

Intel 440LX ^[8][edit]

• Introduced in: August 27, 1997
• FSB: 66 MHz
• Supported RAM type: EDO-DRAM, SDRAM
• Supported CPUs: Pentium II, Celeron
• AGP 2× Mode
• UDMA/33
  • Pentium II with 66 MHz FSB
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino)
• Introduced support for AGP and SDRAM
• Allowed up to two CPUs for SMP

Intel 440EX ^[9][edit]

• Introduced in: April, 1998
• FSB: 66 MHz
• Supported RAM type: EDO-DRAM, SDRAM
• Supported CPUs: Pentium II, Celeron
• AGP 2× Mode
• UDMA/33
  • Pentium II with 66 MHz FSB
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino)
• Same specifications as 440LX, but memory support limited to 256MB and no SMP support.

Intel 440BX ^[10][edit]

• Introduced in: April 1998
• FSB: 66 and 100 MHz (some motherboards supported overclocking to 133 MHz, allowing usage of Socket 370 CPUs using a Slocket)
• AGP 2× Mode (max memory mapping 32 or 64 MB)
• UDMA/33
• Supported RAM types: SDRAM (PC66 and PC100, PC133 with overclocking) up to 4 DIMMs of 256 MB
• Supported CPUs:
  • Pentium II with 66 and 100 MHz FSB
  • Pentium III with 100 MHz FSB (133 with overclocking)
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino, Coppermine)
• Allowed up to two CPUs for SMP

Intel 440ZX[edit]

• Introduced in: November 1998
• FSB: 66 and 100 MHz (some motherboards supported overclocking to 133 MHz, allowing usage of Socket 370 CPUs using a Slocket)
• AGP 2× Mode
• UDMA/33
• Supported RAM types: SDRAM (PC66 and PC100, PC133 with overclocking)
• Supported CPUs:
  • Pentium II with 66 and 100 MHz FSB
  • Pentium III with 100 MHz FSB (133 with overclocking)
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino, Coppermine)

Intel 820/820E (Camino)[edit]

• Introduced in: November 1999
• FSB: 66, 100, and 133 MHz
• AGP 4× Mode
• UDMA/66 (i820), UDMA/100 (i820E)
• Supported RAM types: RDRAM, SDRAM (PC133)
• Supported CPUs: All Slot 1 CPUs
• Allowed up to two CPUs for SMP

Via Apollo Pro / Pro+[edit]

• Introduced in: May 1998 (Pro Plus: Dec 1998)
• FSB: 66, 100 MHz (some motherboards supported overclocking to 133 MHz, allowing usage of Socket 370 CPUs using a Slocket)
• AGP 2× Mode
• UDMA/33 (VT82C586B/VT82C596A), UDMA/66 (VT82C596B)
• Supported CPUs:
  • Pentium Pro with 66 MHz FSB
  • Pentium II with 66 and 100 MHz FSB
  • Pentium III with 100 MHz FSB (133 with overclocking)
  • Celeron (Covington, Mendocino, Coppermine)

Via Apollo Pro 133[edit]

• Introduced in: July 1999
• FSB: 66, 100, and 133 MHz
• AGP 2× Mode
• UDMA/33 (VT82C596A), UDMA/66 (VT82C596B/VT82C686A), UDMA/100 (VT82C686B)
• Supported CPUs: All Slot 1 CPUs

Via Apollo Pro 133A[edit]

• Introduced in: Oct 1999
• FSB: 66, 100, and 133 MHz
• AGP 4× Mode
• UDMA/66 (VT82C596B/VT82C686A), UDMA/100 (VT82C686B)
• Supported CPUs: All Slot 1 CPUs
• Allowed up to two CPUs for SMP

See also[edit]

Pentium 3 800mhz

References[edit]

Intel Pentium 1

1. ^'CPU Sockets Chart'. erols.com. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
2. ^Pentium_Pro#An_innovation_in_cache
3. ^Experience of Pentium Pro on Slot 1 motherboard usage
4. ^http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/overclocking-special,94-2.html
5. ^List of Intel chipsets
6. ^List of VIA chipsets
7. ^Intel Corporation: 440FX PCIset Datasheet
8. ^Intel Corporation: 440LX AGPset Design Guide^{[permanent dead link]}
9. ^Intel Corporation: 440EX AGPset Design Guide
10. ^Intel Corporation: 440BX AGPset Design GuideArchived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slot 1.

Pentium 3 Slot 1

• Intel's specifications for the SC242 connectors^{[permanent dead link]}